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150 cards for the 10 chapters of The 2027 NCE & NCMHCE Update Guide. Read the front, say the answer out loud, then open the card to check yourself. Sort the ones you missed into a "not yet" pile and come back to them.
Prefer paper? The companion PDF prints these as double-sided cut-out cards, and its reference list gives full entries for the works the cards cite.
Chapter 1 The 2027 Exams at a Glance
Ch. 1 · 1 2027 NCE format Show answer
170 items (140 scored, 30 field-test), three options each, 225 minutes, optional 15-minute break halfway.
Ch. 1 · 2 Current NCE format Show answer
200 items (160 scored, 40 field-test), four options each, 225 minutes, 15-minute break after item 100.
Ch. 1 · 3 2027 NCMHCE format Show answer
10 case studies; intake summary plus two sessions; 9–15 four-option items per case; 130–150 items with 30–50 field-test; 225 minutes.
Ch. 1 · 4 Current NCMHCE format Show answer
11 case studies, one unscored; 100 scored items; four options; 225 minutes; break after the fifth case.
Ch. 1 · 5 2027 scoring Show answer
Scaled 100–500 on both exams; 360 passes on every form. Not a percentage; no curve.
Ch. 1 · 6 How the 360 standard is set Show answer
Modified Angoff study by subject matter experts for the first form; statistical equating for later forms.
Ch. 1 · 7 2027 review rule Show answer
Review within each half before submitting it. Once submitted and the break begins, no return.
Ch. 1 · 8 Six 2027 domains and weights Show answer
1 Prof. Dev. & Self-Awareness 15 · 2 Intake & Assessment 18 · 3 Tx Planning & Continuity 15 · 4 Interventions 20 · 5 Indirect Client Care 12 · 6 Legal & Ethical 20.
Ch. 1 · 9 Approximate scored NCE items by domain Show answer
21 · 25 · 21 · 28 · 17 · 28 (140 × weight, rounded; not NBCC figures).
Ch. 1 · 10 Domains with subdomains Show answer
Domains 1, 2, and 3: 1A Professional Development, 1B Counselor Self-Awareness, 2A Intake, 2B Assessment, 3A Treatment Planning, 3B Continuity of Care.
Ch. 1 · 11 Areas of Clinical Focus in 2027 Show answer
No longer a domain. Presenting concerns are assessed throughout the exams (see the specifications’ supplemental content guidance).
Ch. 1 · 12 Transition rules Show answer
Effective July 1, 2027. No overlap period expected. Retakes after launch use the new version. Old credentials and scores stay valid.
Ch. 1 · 13 Work analysis behind the 2027 exams Show answer
2024–2025; interviews, eight focus groups with 100+ counselors and educators, validation survey of 14,000+ counselors; finalized October 2025.
Ch. 1 · 14 New topics NBCC’s FAQ names Show answer
Artificial intelligence, medically assisted therapy, and emotional support letters.
Chapter 2 How the New Blueprint Thinks
Ch. 2 · 1 Work analysis Show answer
A structured study of what people in a profession actually do, used to keep an exam tied to practice. NBCC’s was done in 2024–2025 and finalized in October 2025.
Ch. 2 · 2 Three levels of the 2027 outline Show answer
Domain → subdomain (Domains 1–3 only) → task. 101 tasks in all; items are written to tasks.
Ch. 2 · 3 Tasks per domain Show answer
1A 8 · 1B 11 · 2A 7 · 2B 12 · 3A 11 · 3B 9 · 4 15 · 5 8 · 6 20.
Ch. 2 · 4 “Including, but not limited to” Show answer
The phrase that introduces each knowledge and skill list. The lists guide study; they do not limit the exam.
Ch. 2 · 5 Areas of Clinical Focus in 2027 Show answer
Not mapped to any task. Presenting concerns are assessed throughout the exams as the setting of items.
Ch. 2 · 6 Supplemental content guidance Show answer
Lists of presenting concerns, frameworks, and tools that counselors reported using most; “most likely to appear,” not a limit.
Ch. 2 · 7 Why three options? Show answer
Research finds three options optimal, with no loss in score quality (Rodriguez, 2005); when items are trimmed, the least plausible option is usually the one dropped.
Ch. 2 · 8 The answer, the almost, the also-ran Show answer
The almost is right in content but wrong in timing, scope, or attribution. The also-ran is real but does not fit the stem.
Ch. 2 · 9 Four-step method Show answer
Read the final sentence first; name the task; predict, then look; compare the last two on the qualifier.
Ch. 2 · 10 FIRST or NEXT Show answer
A sequence question: several options may be right actions, but only one comes first.
Ch. 2 · 11 EXCEPT on a three-option item Show answer
Two options are true and one is false. Mark each T or F before choosing.
Ch. 2 · 12 Best-next-step priorities Show answer
Safety; assess before acting; talk with the client; least restrictive safe step; consult; proportionate response.
Ch. 2 · 13 Changing answers Show answer
Change when you can name the fact your first choice ignored. Changes more often help than hurt (Kruger et al., 2005).
Ch. 2 · 14 NCE versus NCMHCE in 2027 Show answer
Same blueprint. NCE: recall, stand-alone three-option items. NCMHCE: apply and evaluate, case studies with four-option items.
Chapter 3 Professional Development and Counselor Self-Awareness
Ch. 3 · 1 Domain 1 at a glance Show answer
Professional Development & Counselor Self-Awareness: 15 percent, about 21 scored NCE items, 19 tasks (1A: 8; 1B: 11).
Ch. 3 · 2 Four new Domain 1 tasks Show answer
1A.3 continuing education; 1A.6 ethics training; 1A.7 training on ethical and legal use of AI; 1A.8 training for different cultures or populations.
Ch. 3 · 3 Supervision vs. consultation Show answer
Supervision: hierarchical, evaluative, ongoing; supervisor shares responsibility. Consultation: voluntary, nonevaluative; consultee keeps responsibility.
Ch. 3 · 4 Bernard’s discrimination model Show answer
Roles: teacher, counselor, consultant. Focus areas: intervention, conceptualization, personalization (Bernard, 1979).
Ch. 3 · 5 Evidence-based practice Show answer
Best research + clinical expertise + client characteristics, culture, and preferences.
Ch. 3 · 6 New specialty (Standard C.2.b) Show answer
Requires education, training, and supervised experience. A workshop alone is not competence.
Ch. 3 · 7 AI before use Show answer
Get trained; protect client information (BAA for PHI); obtain informed consent; verify output; human judgment stays in charge.
Ch. 3 · 8 MSJCC domains Show answer
Counselor self-awareness; client worldview; counseling relationship; counseling and advocacy interventions (Ratts et al., 2016).
Ch. 3 · 9 Cultural humility Show answer
Other-oriented openness and respect, no cultural superiority (Hook et al., 2013); a lifelong commitment to self-evaluation (Tervalon & Murray-García, 1998). One of the three parts of the multicultural orientation framework, with cultural opportunities and cultural comfort.
Ch. 3 · 10 Advocacy levels Show answer
Client or student; school or community; public arena. Each can be done with clients or on behalf of them. Public arena with clients is now called collective action (2018 update).
Ch. 3 · 11 Competence gap vs. values conflict Show answer
Competence gap: consult, train, or refer. Values conflict: supervision and self-work; values-based referral prohibited (A.11.b).
Ch. 3 · 12 Assessment competence (E.2.a) Show answer
Use only instruments you are trained to administer and interpret.
Ch. 3 · 13 Boundary crossing vs. violation Show answer
Crossing: may benefit the client; take precautions, consult, and document the rationale (A.6.b–c). Violation: harms or exploits.
Ch. 3 · 14 Former clients and romance Show answer
Prohibited for 5 years after last professional contact; after that, the counselor must still document in advance whether it could be exploitative or harmful, and avoid it if so (A.5.c).
Ch. 3 · 15 Burnout vs. compassion fatigue vs. vicarious trauma Show answer
Burnout: workload exhaustion and cynicism. Compassion fatigue: drained empathy. Vicarious trauma: changed beliefs about safety, trust, and the world.
Ch. 3 · 16 Impairment (Standard C.2.g) Show answer
Functioning affects client care. Seek help; limit, suspend, or end services until safe.
Chapter 4 Intake and Assessment
Ch. 4 · 1 Domain 2 at a glance Show answer
Intake & Assessment: 18 percent, about 25 scored NCE items, 19 tasks (2A: 7; 2B: 12). New task: 2A.7, telemental health consent.
Ch. 4 · 2 Telemental health consent essentials Show answer
Client location each session; local emergency contact and crisis resources; disconnection plan; privacy; technology risks; identity verification (H.2.a, H.3).
Ch. 4 · 3 Assent vs. consent Show answer
Minors and adults who cannot consent give assent; the legally authorized person gives consent (A.2.d).
Ch. 4 · 4 Group and family consent Show answer
Group: explain the importance and parameters of confidentiality (B.4.a), including that members’ confidentiality cannot be guaranteed. Family: define who the client is and agree in writing on the secrets policy at the start (B.4.b).
Ch. 4 · 5 Collateral information Show answer
Requires the client’s written release unless law permits disclosure; without one, listen but do not confirm the relationship.
Ch. 4 · 6 First step after a hint of suicidal thinking Show answer
Ask directly; assess ideation, plan, intent, means, history, and protective factors. Asking does not increase risk.
Ch. 4 · 7 Safety plan vs. no-suicide contract Show answer
Safety plan: collaborative written steps, contacts, 988, and means reduction (Stanley & Brown, 2012). No-suicide contract: not recommended.
Ch. 4 · 8 Lethal means counseling Show answer
Collaborative steps to reduce access to firearms, medications, and other lethal methods during a period of risk.
Ch. 4 · 9 Suicide screens Show answer
C-SSRS (severity of ideation and behavior; brief screener available); ASQ (four yes/no questions; began in pediatric emergency departments, now youth and adult versions for medical settings); PHQ-9 item 9.
Ch. 4 · 10 Substance screens Show answer
AUDIT: 10 items, WHO, 8+ hazardous. CAGE: 4 items, 2+ significant. CRAFFT: adolescents.
Ch. 4 · 11 Trauma tools Show answer
ACE questionnaire: count of 10 childhood adversity categories (abuse, neglect, household challenges). PCL-5: 20 items, DSM-5 PTSD symptoms, 0–80; 31–33 has indicated probable PTSD.
Ch. 4 · 12 Mood vs. affect; process vs. content Show answer
Mood is reported; affect is observed. Process is how thoughts connect; content is what the person thinks about.
Ch. 4 · 13 Sensitivity vs. specificity Show answer
Sensitivity: correctly identifies people with the condition. Specificity: correctly clears people without it.
Ch. 4 · 14 Standard scores Show answer
z: mean 0, SD 1. T: mean 50, SD 10. Deviation IQ: mean 100, SD 15. Stanine: 1–9, mean 5.
Ch. 4 · 15 DSM-5-TR, ICD-10-CM, ICD-11 Show answer
DSM-5-TR (2022) gives criteria and lists ICD-10-CM codes used for U.S. billing. ICD-11 is WHO’s current revision, in effect internationally since 2022.
Ch. 4 · 16 Level of care principle Show answer
Least restrictive setting that safely meets need: outpatient → IOP → partial → residential → inpatient. Withdrawal risk calls for medical management.
Chapter 5 Treatment Planning and Continuity of Care
Ch. 5 · 1 Domain 3 at a glance Show answer
Treatment Planning & Continuity of Care: 15 percent, about 21 scored NCE items, 20 tasks (3A: 11; 3B: 9).
Ch. 5 · 2 Two new Domain 3 tasks Show answer
3A.8 assess contraindications of treatment approaches; 3B.6 plan for disruption of service.
Ch. 5 · 3 Priority order Show answer
Safety → stability and basic needs → the problem blocking progress or most important to the client.
Ch. 5 · 4 Goal vs. objective Show answer
Goal: broad, long-term outcome. Objective: specific, measurable, dated step describing what the client will do.
Ch. 5 · 5 SMART (NBCC’s version) Show answer
Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Realistic, Timely.
Ch. 5 · 6 Collaborative planning (Standard A.1.c) Show answer
Counselors and clients develop plans jointly and review and revise them regularly.
Ch. 5 · 7 Contraindication Show answer
A factor that makes an approach unsafe or inappropriate for this client now (e.g., domestic violence → no conjoint sessions).
Ch. 5 · 8 Behavioral management plan steps Show answer
Define behavior → functional (A-B-C) assessment → replacement behavior → consistent consequences → same plan across settings, with data.
Ch. 5 · 9 Reinforcement vs. punishment Show answer
Reinforcement increases behavior; punishment decreases it. Positive adds a stimulus; negative removes one.
Ch. 5 · 10 Extinction burst Show answer
A temporary increase in a behavior after reinforcement stops; expected, not a sign of failure.
Ch. 5 · 11 Measurement-based care Show answer
Regular standardized measures, reviewed with the client, used to adjust treatment.
Ch. 5 · 12 Stages of change Show answer
Precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance (Prochaska & DiClemente, 1983; preparation added by DiClemente et al., 1991).
Ch. 5 · 13 Wraparound Show answer
Team-based, family-driven, strengths-based single plan for youth with complex needs across systems.
Ch. 5 · 14 Disruption-of-service plan Show answer
Coverage clinician, client notification, records custodian, continuity options. Professional will: Standard C.2.h.
Ch. 5 · 15 Discharge vs. aftercare vs. relapse prevention Show answer
Discharge closes the episode; aftercare supports afterward; relapse prevention plans for high-risk situations and lapses.
Ch. 5 · 16 Termination (A.11.c) and abandonment (A.12) Show answer
End when no longer needed, not benefiting, or harmed; give pre-termination counseling and referrals. Never leave clients without arranged care.
Chapter 6 Provision of Counseling Interventions
Ch. 6 · 1 Domain 4 weight and size Show answer
20% of scored items on both 2027 exams; approximately 28 of 140 scored NCE items; 15 tasks, no subdomains.
Ch. 6 · 2 Task 4.12 (new) Show answer
Solicit client feedback about the counseling process. The domain’s only task with no 2019 counterpart.
Ch. 6 · 3 Formative vs. summative feedback Show answer
Formative: during counseling, to adjust it. Summative: at the end, to judge outcome.
Ch. 6 · 4 Withdrawal rupture Show answer
Quietness, over-agreement, topic shifts, missed sessions. Repair: notice and invite the client to say more.
Ch. 6 · 5 Confrontation rupture Show answer
Complaints or challenges to the counselor. Repair: respond without defensiveness, explore, own your part.
Ch. 6 · 6 Working alliance (Bordin, 1979) Show answer
Agreement on goals, agreement on tasks, and an emotional bond.
Ch. 6 · 7 Immediacy Show answer
Talking about what is happening between counselor and client right now.
Ch. 6 · 8 OARS Show answer
MI’s basic skills: open questions, affirmations, reflections, summaries.
Ch. 6 · 9 Broaching (Day-Vines et al., 2007) Show answer
The counselor’s deliberate invitation to discuss how culture and identity relate to the client’s concerns. Styles run from avoidant to infusing.
Ch. 6 · 10 MSJCC (Ratts et al., 2016) Show answer
Counselor self-awareness, client worldview, counseling relationship, counseling and advocacy interventions.
Ch. 6 · 11 Multicultural orientation Show answer
Cultural humility, cultural opportunities, cultural comfort.
Ch. 6 · 12 ERP vs. behavioral activation Show answer
ERP: exposure while blocking rituals, for compulsions. Behavioral activation: scheduling rewarding activity, for depression.
Ch. 6 · 13 Medications for opioid use disorder Show answer
Methadone (full agonist), buprenorphine (partial agonist), naltrexone (antagonist). Naloxone reverses overdose.
Ch. 6 · 14 Tuckman’s stages Show answer
Forming, storming, norming, performing, adjourning (adjourning added with Jensen, 1977).
Ch. 6 · 15 Linking vs. blocking Show answer
Linking connects members’ shared experiences. Blocking stops harmful behavior to protect members.
Ch. 6 · 16 Safety plan (Stanley-Brown) Show answer
Warning signs, internal coping, social distraction, people to ask for help, professionals and crisis lines (988), making the environment safe.
Chapter 7 Indirect Client Care
Ch. 7 · 1 Domain 5 weight and size Show answer
12% of scored items on both 2027 exams; approximately 17 of 140 scored NCE items; 8 tasks.
Ch. 7 · 2 Task 5.7 (new) Show answer
Secure translation services for the client’s preferred language. The domain’s only task with no 2019 counterpart.
Ch. 7 · 3 Where billing and EHRs live Show answer
Domain 6, Legal and Ethical Compliance, not Indirect Client Care.
Ch. 7 · 4 Tasks 5.1, 5.2, 5.3 Show answer
Collaborate with the client’s support system; with non-clinical stakeholders; with other treatment providers.
Ch. 7 · 5 Release of information Show answer
Written; names who shares, who receives, what, why, and expiration; revocable by the client.
Ch. 7 · 6 Confirming client status Show answer
Saying that someone is (or is not) a client is a disclosure; do not confirm without consent.
Ch. 7 · 7 HIPAA treatment exception Show answer
Providers may share PHI with other providers for treatment without authorization; psychotherapy notes are excluded.
Ch. 7 · 8 Psychotherapy notes Show answer
The counselor’s separate notes analyzing session content; need specific authorization for most disclosures. Diagnosis and risk data belong in the record.
Ch. 7 · 9 42 CFR Part 2 Show answer
Stricter federal confidentiality for records of federally assisted substance use disorder programs.
Ch. 7 · 10 SOAP Show answer
Subjective, Objective, Assessment, Plan.
Ch. 7 · 11 DAP Show answer
Data, Assessment, Plan.
Ch. 7 · 12 BIRP Show answer
Behavior, Intervention, Response, Plan.
Ch. 7 · 13 Interpreter vs. translator Show answer
Interpreters handle spoken or signed language in real time; translators handle written documents.
Ch. 7 · 14 Ad hoc interpreters Show answer
Family members, friends, and especially children are discouraged; use a qualified interpreter bound by confidentiality.
Ch. 7 · 15 Medication reports Show answer
Document in the client’s words; encourage prescriber contact; share with consent; never advise dose changes.
Ch. 7 · 16 Wraparound Show answer
A team plan built with the family, natural supports, and providers, usually for youth with complex needs; the family’s goals drive it.
Chapter 8 Legal and Ethical Compliance
Ch. 8 · 1 Domain 6 weight and size Show answer
20% of scored items on both 2027 exams; approximately 28 of 140 scored NCE items; 20 tasks, 9 of them new.
Ch. 8 · 2 Domain 6 new tasks Show answer
6.6 licensure maintenance · 6.8 compliance training · 6.9 lawful telehealth platforms · 6.12 liability insurance · 6.13 Compact · 6.15 update emergency plan · 6.18 EHR · 6.19 AI · 6.20 marketing.
Ch. 8 · 3 Tarasoff (1976) Show answer
Duty to use reasonable care to protect an identifiable victim of a client’s serious threat. State laws vary: mandatory, permissive, or none.
Ch. 8 · 4 Mandated reporting standard Show answer
Reasonable suspicion, not proof. Report to the designated agency; do not investigate.
Ch. 8 · 5 Subpoena vs. court order Show answer
Subpoena: respond, contact the client, consult, assert privilege. Court order: comply, releasing only what is ordered.
Ch. 8 · 6 Privilege Show answer
The client’s legal right to keep communications out of court; the client holds and may waive it. Jaffee v. Redmond (1996).
Ch. 8 · 7 Involuntary commitment criteria Show answer
Generally danger to self, danger to others, or grave disability due to mental illness; least restrictive setting; due process.
Ch. 8 · 8 HIPAA vs. HITECH Show answer
HIPAA (1996): privacy and security of PHI. HITECH (2009): breach notification, stronger enforcement, EHR adoption.
Ch. 8 · 9 Business associate agreement Show answer
Required contract with any vendor that handles PHI for a covered provider (EHRs, telehealth platforms, AI note-takers).
Ch. 8 · 10 Telehealth jurisdiction Show answer
Practice occurs where the client is located during the session; both states’ laws may apply (Standard H.1.b).
Ch. 8 · 11 Common CPT codes Show answer
90791 intake · 90832/90834/90837 psychotherapy about 30/45/60 minutes · 90846/90847 family · 90853 group · 90839 crisis.
Ch. 8 · 12 NPI Show answer
National Provider Identifier: unique 10-digit number; Type 1 individual, Type 2 organization; stays with the clinician.
Ch. 8 · 13 Insurance fraud examples Show answer
Upcoding, billing services not provided, false diagnoses for coverage, billing no-shows as sessions, undisclosed routine copay waivers.
Ch. 8 · 14 Claims-made vs. occurrence Show answer
Claims-made covers claims filed while active (needs tail coverage after). Occurrence covers incidents during the policy period.
Ch. 8 · 15 Counseling Compact Show answer
Privilege to practice in member states, based on a full, unrestricted home-state license; follow the remote state’s laws.
Ch. 8 · 16 Service animal vs. ESA Show answer
ADA service animal: a dog trained to perform disability-related tasks. ESA: comfort only; not covered by the ADA or airline rules; housing protection depends on fair housing case law and state law (HUD withdrew its 2020 guidance in 2025 and narrowed its enforcement in 2026).
Chapter 9 What's New: A Closer Look
Ch. 9 · 1 Novel tasks: how many, and where? Show answer
18 in NBCC’s crosswalk: four in Domain 1, one in Domain 2, two in Domain 3, one each in Domains 4 and 5, nine in Domain 6.
Ch. 9 · 2 Telehealth consent: what it adds Show answer
Credentials and location, tech failure and backup plan, emergency procedures, response times, time zones and culture, insurance limits, social media policy (H.2.a).
Ch. 9 · 3 First step in every telehealth session Show answer
Confirm the client’s identity and current physical location.
Ch. 9 · 4 Contraindication Show answer
A reason not to use an approach with this client now (for example, conjoint work during domestic violence).
Ch. 9 · 5 Plan for disruption of service Show answer
Advance notice, named covering clinician, releases, crisis resources, plan for the gap; prevents abandonment (A.12).
Ch. 9 · 6 Professional will Show answer
Plan naming who notifies clients, handles records, and refers if the counselor dies or is incapacitated (C.2.h).
Ch. 9 · 7 Soliciting client feedback (4.12) Show answer
Ask the client directly about the alliance and progress; especially useful when progress stalls.
Ch. 9 · 8 Broaching Show answer
Counselor’s intentional, ongoing invitation to discuss race, culture, and identity (Day-Vines et al., 2007).
Ch. 9 · 9 Withdrawal vs. confrontation rupture Show answer
Withdrawal: moving away (silence, over-agreeing). Confrontation: moving against (complaints, criticism). Repair: name it, own your part, explore.
Ch. 9 · 10 Interpreter vs. translator Show answer
Interpreter: spoken or signed language, in real time. Translator: written documents. Use qualified professionals, not family.
Ch. 9 · 11 CPT / ICD-10-CM / NPI / CAQH Show answer
Service code / diagnosis code / 10-digit provider ID / credentialing database insurers use.
Ch. 9 · 12 Counseling Compact Show answer
Privilege to practice in member states based on a home-state license; follow the law of the client’s state.
Ch. 9 · 13 Occurrence vs. claims-made policy Show answer
Occurrence: incidents during the policy period. Claims-made: claims filed during the policy period; needs tail coverage.
Ch. 9 · 14 AI in practice Show answer
Competence, consent, confidentiality (BAA), counselor reviews all output and owns decisions, watch for bias.
Ch. 9 · 15 Lethal means counseling Show answer
Collaborative, temporary reduction of access to firearms and medications during risk; counselor never takes possession.
Ch. 9 · 16 ESA vs. service animal Show answer
ESA: comfort by presence; housing accommodation only (Fair Housing Act; federal enforcement narrowed in 2026). Service animal: trained dog performing tasks; ADA public access.
Chapter 10 The 2027 NCMHCE Case Format
Ch. 10 · 1 2027 NCMHCE structure Show answer
10 cases; 9–15 four-option items each; 130–150 items, 30–50 field-test; 225 minutes; optional break at halfway.
Ch. 10 · 2 Three sections of a case Show answer
Intake summary, then two later counseling sessions; each section has its own items.
Ch. 10 · 3 Field-test items: old vs. new Show answer
Current: one unscored case. 2027: scattered throughout, indistinguishable from scored items.
Ch. 10 · 4 2027 scoring Show answer
Scaled 100–500; 360 passes on every form; not a percentage.
Ch. 10 · 5 Reading a case: before the items Show answer
Who, what, risk, duration.
Ch. 10 · 6 Answering an item Show answer
Name the task, find the qualifier, return to the text, eliminate in pairs.
Ch. 10 · 7 Two good options? Show answer
Prefer the earlier step: assess, ensure safety, get consent, consult.
Ch. 10 · 8 Agoraphobia vs. panic disorder Show answer
Agoraphobia needs fear or avoidance in two or more types of situations; panic disorder needs recurrent unexpected attacks plus a month of worry or behavior change.
Ch. 10 · 9 Dual process model Show answer
Stroebe and Schut (1999): healthy grieving oscillates between loss-oriented and restoration-oriented coping.
Ch. 10 · 10 Prolonged grief disorder (DSM-5-TR, adults) Show answer
At least 12 months since the death; yearning or preoccupation plus related symptoms causing impairment.